北京市不同区域采暖期大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

利用分级采样器分别采集北京市不同区域采暖期的大气颗粒物,分析多环芳烃的组成及含量.结果表明北京市大气总悬浮颗粒物中总多环芳烃的含量城乡结合带为7486—43687ng·m-3,郊区为11993—39786ng·m-3.在城乡结合带,80%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中;在郊区,77%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中.比较不同环数的多环芳烃在不同粒径范围内大气颗粒物中的分配比例,发现随环数的减少其分配比例呈现归一化.不同粒径范围的颗粒物中苯并(a)芘均与总多环芳烃含量显著相关(p<0001).     

Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from drained irrigated rice fields

One of the important cultural practices that affect methane and nitrous oxide emissions from tropical rice plantations is the water drainage system. While drainage can reduce methane emissions, it can also increase nitrous oxide emissions, as well as reduce yields. In this experiment, four different water drainage systems were compared in a rice field in central Thailand including: (1) continuous flooding, (2) mid-season drainage, (3) multiple drainage and (4) a local method (drainage was done according to local cultural practice) in order to find a system of drainage that would optimize yields while simultaneously limiting methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Methane and nitrous oxide emission were observed and compared with rice yield and physical changes of rice plants. It was found that drainage during the flowering period could reduce methane emission. Interestingly, nitrous oxide emission was related to number of drain days rather than the frequency of draining. Fewer drain days can help reduce nitrous oxide emission. The mid-season drainage and the multiple drainage, with 6.9% and 11.4% reduction in rice yield, respectively, had an average methane emission per crop 27% and 35% lower when compared to the local method. Draining with fewer drain days during the flowering period was recommended as a compromise between emissions and yield. The field drainage can be used as an option to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields with acceptable yield reduction. Mid-season drainage during the rice flowering period, with a shortened drainage period (3 days), is suggested as a compromise between the need to reduce global warming and current socio-economic realities.     

随机价格下杉木人工林的碳汇收益及最优轮伐期确定

发展林业碳汇是应对全球气候变化及实现中国2060年碳中和的重要举措。基于改进的Faustmann-Hartman模型,以中国南方浙江、福建和江西三个省份杉木人工林为研究对象,使用时间序列模型拟合并预测中国碳排放权交易市场的碳汇价格,通过蒙特卡洛模拟确定最优轮伐期及碳汇收益。研究结果表明：（1）依次纳入木材收益、地上生物量碳汇收益和死亡有机质碳汇收益时,杉木人工林的最优轮伐期分别为21.85年、22.98年和22.88年;（2）上述三种情景下,林地期望价值的净现值分别为20408.20元/hm²、24587.29元/hm²和28101.11元/hm²;（3）全面考虑包含死亡有机质碳库在内的林业碳汇效益,能够稳定提高林地所有者收益约7.02%~21.61%。此外,应进一步考虑多轮伐期下税收政策及自然风险等因素对碳汇营林的影响,这是确定最优轮伐期和碳汇收益后续研究值得重视的问题。     

人工强制混合充氧及诱导自然混合对水源水库水质改善效果分析

为探究人工强制混合充氧与诱导持续混合对水质改善的影响及人工强制混合与自然混合的衔接条件,以李家河水库为例,于2017年6月至2019年4月开展水质及水文气象指标监测,分析自然过程及人工诱导混合过程各时期水温、溶解氧及水质变化特征.结果表明:①自然过程分层期持续时间长,混合期仅为2.5个月,人工诱导混合过程通过扬水曝气系统的运行, 9月底水体达到完全混合且进入降温期,诱导自然混合条件具备,表层水温、平均气温分别为20.17℃和16.5℃,此时系统关闭后水体持续自然混合,混合周期延长至5.5个月;②自然过程污染物浓度较高,混合期表层污染物浓度呈现先增加后降低的趋势,氧跃层伴随热分层出现,底部厌氧周期达6个月;③相较于自然过程,人工诱导混合过程水体等温层厌氧消除且污染物控制效果良好, 10月至翌年3月同期底层NH~+_4-N、 TP、 Fe和Mn浓度的削减率为76.2%、 75.5%、 82.2%和82.1%,均达到地表水环境质量标准,人工诱导混合过程有利于水质改善及混合作用时效的延长.     

The influence of ClO− and acidity in the reaction between H2O2 and CuCl2

The potentially explosive reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and copper chloride (CuCl₂) was investigated. Pressure tests revealed that the reaction was strongly temperature - dependent and can easily undergo runaway reaction. Nevertheless, there was only a slight pressure increase at the low temperatures studied or when using low concentrations of CuCl₂. Under the conditions generating the slight pressure increase, hypochlorite anions (ClO⁻) are generated and the acidity increases. As the reaction reaches completion, ClO⁻ disappears, and the acidity decreases. Interestingly, the addition of phosphate buffer to maintain the weakly acid conditions led to a runaway reaction, and the use of basic ClO⁻ promoted the exothermic reaction. Based on the results, acidity has a strong impact on the reaction behaviour.     

国家“十四五”环境经济政策改革路线图

"十三五"时期环境经济政策对建立我国生态文明建设长效机制发挥了重要作用,"十四五"时期需要通过进一步深化环境经济政策改革与创新以适应新时代生态文明建设需要。本文研究提出了我国"十四五"时期环境经济政策改革思路、框架与重点,认为我国"十四五"时期环境经济政策改革要深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想,系统考虑政策改革创新面临的新形势和新要求,推进建立"两山"转化和环境质量达标的长效激励机制,突出环境质量持续改善激励、突出经济过程全链条调控,突出政策手段的系统优化与协同增效,突出政策执行能力保障。继续推进生态环境财政制度改革,深化绿色价格税费机制创新,推进建立多元化、市场化生态补偿制度,健全生态环境权益交易机制,完善绿色金融体系,并同步推进完善生态环境价值核算、环境信息公开和信用体系、资源环境名录、政策绩效评估等政策实施配套能力建设,构建全面支撑生态文明建设的环境经济政策体系,推进环境治理体系和治理能力现代化。     

我国“十四五”时期农村环境保护总体思路探讨

打好升级版污染防治攻坚战,思路创新与转型是关键。我国农村环境保护底子薄、基础差、欠账多,现阶段农村环境治理仍是经济社会发展的突出"短板"和显著"弱项"。本文在分析"十四五"时期农村环境保护工作基础和面临形势的基础上,提出以改善农村环境质量、提高农村环境治理体系和治理能力现代化水平为核心,以解决农民群众身边最紧迫、最直接的突出生态环境问题为导向,聚焦农村生态、农业生产、农民生活三大重点领域,统筹城乡污染治理体制机制,推动建立多元共治体系,打通"两山"转化通道,打好升级版的农村污染防治攻坚战的总体思路,助力乡村振兴战略,全面提升农村生态文明和绿色发展水平。     

自然崩落法顶板稳定性监测分析与预警研究*

为有效预警自然崩落法开采过程中顶板大面积崩落,确定顶板失稳预警期,基于微震、时域反射、钻孔电视等综合监测数据,研究岩体失稳过程点监测数据及微震活动性参数变化特征。结果表明:基于多源参数可有效预警顶板失稳事件,但点监测无法兼顾整个采区顶板,大尺度区域性监测主要依靠微震监测系统;根据顶板失稳事件前后b值、累积视体积、能量指数、施密特数等微震活动性参数变化特征,确定普朗铜矿顶板失稳预警期为24 d。研究结果可为后续整个采区其他区域顶板稳定性监测预警工作提供借鉴。     

晚冰期以来月亮湖生物硅含量变化的古气候意义

根据大兴安岭中段小型火山口湖月亮湖沉积序列生物硅含量（BSi）替代性指标的分析,结合总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）含量等分析结果,重建了该区末次冰期晚期（21cal.kaBP）以来的高分辨率古气候演化序列。研究结果表明：月亮湖生物硅含量变化范围为0.52%～15.88%,其中末次冰期晚期（21～14cal.kaBP）...     

污泥压滤脱水条件的优化研究

采用压滤试验,研究了强压条件下剩余污泥的脱水性能及影响因素,确定了污泥压滤脱水的最佳操作条件。结果表明,随着压力的增加、压滤时间的延长和絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量的增加,所得净滤液量均明显增大。综合考虑脱水效果和经济因素,最佳压滤脱水的条件为:压力0.6MPa,压滤时间30min,聚丙烯酰胺的投加量2.5kg/t干泥。